Cardiac Failure

Alternate Name:

Test:

Chest X-ray (AB), ECG (N or AB),echocardiography (AB), S.brain natriuretic pep­tides (VH)

Sign:

Bradycardia (congestive), atrial fibrillation, ca-chexia, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, clubbing of fingers (chronic), extrasystolic beats, gallop rhythm (left ventricle failure), hepatomegaly (con­gestive), hypotension, jugular venous pressure raised (congestive), pitting oedema (congestive), pleural effusion, pulsus alternans (leventricle failure), shifting dullness (ascites), splenomegaly (congestive), split heart sounds (left ventricle fail­ure), tachycardia, fluid thrills (ascites)

Dd:

Pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, pul-monary disease, asthma, chronic bronchitis, em­physema, cirrhosis, carcinoma of lung, nephritis, nephrotic syn., pulmonary emboli, severe anae­mia, vena cave obstruction, mediastinal tumour

Phys:

Due to failure of pump action of heart from coro­nary artery disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopa­thies, hypertension, valvular disease, anaemia, thyrotoxicosis or arteriovenous shunts