| ID | 396 |
|---|---|
| Name | GLOMERULONEPHRITIS |
| Cause | Glomerulonephritis can be caused by various of factors including: Toxins or medicines. Viral infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses. IgA nephropathy. Lupus-related kidney inflammation. Bacterial infections that commonly cause throat and skin infections, such as strep or staph bacteria. |
| Signs Symptoms | Rashes. joint pain. stomach pain. high temperature. shortness of breath. yellowing of the whites of the eyes or the skin, although this may be less noticeable on brown or black skin (jaundice) peeing a lot less than usual. tiredness. |
| Diagnosis | Urinalysis. This test checks urine for red and white blood cells, infection, or too much protein. Blood tests. Tests to measure the levels of waste products to find out how well the kidneys are filtering. Ultrasound of the kidney. ... Kidney biopsy. |
| Investigations | Urinalysis and microscopy of urine sediment. comprehensive metabolic profile. estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) complete blood count. lipid profile. 24-hour urine collection. ultrasound of kidneys. |
| Management | Dietary changes. In mild cases, a GP or dietitian will give you relevant advice about diet. ... Stopping smoking. ... Immunosuppressants. ... Treating high blood pressure. ... Treating high cholesterol. ... Plasma exchange. ... Treating chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. ... Vaccinations. |
| Introduction | Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory process primarily involving the glomerulus, though at tunes the renal vasculature, interstitium, and tubular epithelium may also be affected |
| History | |
| Etiology | infections such as strep throat |
| Clinical Features | Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine (hematuria) Foamy or bubbly urine due to excess protein in the urine (proteinuria) High blood pressure (hypertension) Fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face, hands, feet and abdomen. Urinating less than usual. Nausea and vomiting. |
| Preventions | Eat a healthy, unprocessed food. Manage high blood pressure with a low salt diet, exercise and medication. Prevent infections by practicing good hygiene and safe sex. Also avoid using needles for illegal drugs and tattoos. See a healthcare provider whenever you think you have an infection like strep throat |
| Treatment | Dietary changes. In mild cases, a GP or dietitian will give you relevant advice about diet. ... Stopping smoking. ... Immunosuppressants. ... Treating high blood pressure. ... Treating high cholesterol. ... Plasma exchange. ... Treating chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. ... Vaccinations. |
| Complications | High blood pressure. high cholesterol. blood clots – including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or a pulmonary embolism. damage to other organs. |
| Prognosis | Glomerulonephritis may be temporary and reversible, or it may get worse. Progressive glomerulonephritis may lead to: Chronic kidney failure. Reduced kidney function |
| Types | There are two types of glomerulonephritis—acute and chronic |
| Classification | Classification: Different glomerulonephritis disease can be classified according to whether they present as either a nephritic or a nephrotic syndrome, though some glomerular disease processes can present with components of both. A. Nephritic syndrome: Glomerular diseases presenting as nephritic syndromes are associated with a clinical presentation of hypertension, oedema, hematuria, red blood cell casts, & a moderate degree of proteinuria. Glomerulonephritis presenting with nephrite manifestations: 1. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis- this occurs as a result of infection with a nephritogenic strain of group A ( -hemolytic) streptococci, specially type.12-49 2. IgA Nephropathy (Berger’s diseases)- it is usually primary renal disease & is more common from of acute glomerulonephritis. The cause is unknown. 3. Henoch-schonlein purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)- this is a paplable purpura caused by a leukocytoclastic vasculitis, arthralgias & abdomi-nal symptoms. Purpuric skin lesions are often located on the lower extremities. Male children are commonly affected. In this renal insufficiency is common with nephritic prsentation. The renal lesion is identical to IgA nephropathy with mesangial deposition of IgA, but clinical presentation of these disorders are clearly different. 4. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis- this can be defined as any glomerular disease associated with rapid progressive loss of renal function over days or weeks, but nephritic manifestations are similar irrespective of the cause. B. Nephrotic syndrome: Glomerular diseases presenting as nephrotic syndromes are characterized by heavy proteinuria (>lgm/m2/24hr) & hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and oedema. |
| Observation | |
| Pathology | Glomerulonephritis (GN) generally presents as a constellation of findings that include hematuria, proteinuria, edema, and, often, hypertension |
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