| ID | 145 |
|---|---|
| Name | ANAEMIA |
| Cause | Causes of anemia:2 1. Decreased or ineffective marrow production: a. Lack of iron, B12 or folate b. Hypoplasia c. Renal failure d. Anemia of chronic disease e. Invasion by malignant cell. 2. Peripheral causes: a. Bloodless b. Hemolysis c. Hypersplenism |
| Signs Symptoms | |
| Diagnosis | |
| Investigations | |
| Management | |
| Introduction | Anemia may be defined as a state in which the blood hemoglobin level is below the normal range for the patient’s age and sex. In male, when the hematocrit value is less than 41% (hemoglobin <13.5gm/dl) and in female, less than 37% (i.e hemoglobin <12gm/dl) is considered as anemia. Normal range of hematocrit and hemoglobin level also vary in cases of pregnancy and altitude. |
| History | |
| Etiology | |
| Clinical Features | |
| Preventions | |
| Treatment | |
| Complications | |
| Prognosis | |
| Types | |
| Classification | Classification of anemia:1 Pathophysiological classification: A. Decreased production: -. 1. Iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin synthesis lesion) 2. Thalassemia (impaired hemoglobin synthesis) 3. Anemia of chronic disease (impaired hemoglobin synthesis) 4. Megaloblastic anemia (DNA synthesis lesion) 5. Aplastic anemia (stem cell lesion) 6. Myeloproliferative leukemia (stem cell lesion) 7. Malignancy (bone marrow infiltration) 8. Pure red cell aplasia B. Increased destruction:1 1. Bloodless. 2. Hereditary spherocytosis & elliptocytosis (intrinsic hemolysis). 3. Sickle cell anemia, unstable hemoglobin. 4. Pyruvate kinase deficiency (Glycolysis). 5. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. 6. Immune: Warm antibody, cold antibody (extrinsic hemolysis). 7. Microangiopathic: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, Mechanical cardiac valve. 8. Inection: Clostridial. 9. Hypersplenism. Classification by cell volume: * A. Microcytic: 1. Iron deficiency. 2. Thalassemia. 3. Anemia of chronic disease. B. Macrocytic: 1. Megaloblastic anemia- Vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency. 2. Nonmegaloblastic anemia. 3. Myelodysplasisa, chemotherapy. 4. Liver disease. 5. Increased reticulocytosis. 6. Myxedema. C. Mormocytic: 1. Many causes. |
| Observation | |
| Pathology |
© Pakistan Drug Directory. All Rights Reserved.
Designed By: Pakistan Drug Directory Team